1. Knowledge and Safety
Knowledge is a tricky thing. Too less knowledge- would
lead to defective activities, loss and incidents and even accidents in the
future. Too much knowledge, without being focused on a specific objective, being
cordoned so to achieve certain things- could be unusable.
In between- an improved safety at the workplace should be
based on knowledge.
For a new activity, the process of knowledge development
is shown in figure 1.
Previous knowledge leads to a new economic activity.
The activity generates theoretic (T) knowledge (which
would describe the new activity domain in textbooks) and also heuristic knowledge-
that is knowledge resulting from experience (performing the activity).
From the safety point of view, the heuristic knowledge
gives us:
-best practice knowledge
or How to Do (HTD) knowledge- that gives the necessary steps in order to
perform the activity;
-trial and error (TAE) knowledge- that gives us the risks
linked with the new activity, possible human errors (or technical problems)
that should be avoided and also possible unwanted consequences.
So finally we could consider that
SK=T+HTD+TAE
(1)
Where SK is safety knowledge, T is theoretical knowledge,
HTD is How to Do knowledge and TAE is Trial and Error knowledge.
This generic equation could be useful in the design of
safety courses, taking into account the necessity to provide also TAE type
knowledge (less used).
An important question would be- which kind of safety
knowledge is needed most?
As theoretical knowledge is giving us the basis of safety
for the new activity (like never mix non-compatible substances), How to Do
knowledge is giving us practical advice on how to start and perform things –
Trial and Error knowledge is perhaps one of the most instruments in assuring
safety- giving us what not to do in the case of a specific activity- and what
unwanted consequences could be as we are doing something wrong. TAE knowledge
could not be designed (as HTD), could not be simulated and is invaluable
because it gives us other undesired experiences.
Figure
1. Knowledge development
2. Knowledge maps
Knowledge should be collected (especially the TAE one),
processed and offered to the user- the safety user- in the most usable form.
Here we must take into account that:
-the user is heavily
involved in a current activity- that should be done with specific results- and
no loss or scrap;
-the user should assure
his/hers safety and also should contribute to the safety of the team;
-the user that is designing
or improving processes or activities should have enough and updated knowledge
in order to safe design an activity or process for mid and long term.
-the user had a very limited
amount of time in order to search, find and implement safety knowledge;
Here, the (safety) knowledge map could be an answer to
(safety) organized knowledge, focused toward attaining a specific goal- to ensure
safety in design, development and at workplace
A knowledge map could be considered as an association of
items of information, preferably visual, where the association leads to new information.
So, we could consider a Knowledge Map as a visual
instrument to collect process and ordinate in an optimal form specific
knowledge (in this case safety related knowledge).
In learning,
knowledge maps could be used to imitate a learning process- presenting the
terms and the link between them- and also to imprint a chunk of specific
learning. The target of knowledge maps are the students- which will receive the
best knowledge- processed in an optimal learning form- and also trainers and
teachers - which could use knowledge maps to design their course, structure it
and develop it step by step. Knowledge maps would be very significant in
safety- as they are offering processed and immediate usable knowledge
Figure 2 shows the link between safety specific knowledge
and knowledge maps.
Figure
2 Safety Specific Knowledge and Knowledge Maps.
3. Experiments- main steps in developing a knowledge map
We have tried the usability of specific instruments for
the development of knowledge maps.
Such an instrument should be used by the safety expert in
designing or improving safety at the workplace, as a tool for structuring the
safety knowledge and also in the preparation of safety courses.
The safety expert should:
1. Choose the proper instrument;
2. Develop a draft safety knowledge map- for the domain
of interest;
3. Verify:
3.1. the
correctitude of the developed map;
3.2. the completitude of the
knowledge map- as there should be included at least the main safety elements
and aspects; safety maps could be refined by a step-by-step refinement process-
in order to become exhaustive and to include all the needed knowledge;
4. Develop successive knowledge maps- increasing the
degree of detail; also there could be developed knowledge maps for the manager
(or supervisor) of the process, for training, for the employee that performs an
important activity (for example the controller of a process activity);
5. Link all the available knowledge at the map (the
knowledge map offers the possibility to link for online knowledge – Internet based-
and also for the process specific- off-line knowledge- as local running pppt s
for example).
6. Test the knowledge map on employees from the domain.
The test part is very important as the users could consider that the knowledge
maps includes- for example- too much theoretical knowledge and too less HTD
one;
7. Implement the obtained feedback in the knowledge map;
8. Publish the knowledge map and make it available to
others. Knowledge- and also knowledge maps- should be free- as sharing
knowledge- and safety knowledge- is a good thing- not just for the receiver-
but also for the sharer. As the late professor Trevor Kletz shows us”the not
shared experience is a lost experience. People are retiring, changing their workplace
or service- and the experience that is not shared- is lost”.
Here are some of the most significant aspects of our
experiments.
Once started the instrument (here the KnowledgeBase
Builder software) - the working space appears- like in figure 3.
Figure
3 The working space
By double-clicking on the ”Create a new item” a dialog
window is opening- allowing to define the new item, to describe it and even
place it in a specific category- like it could be seen on the figure 4.
Figure
4. Definition mechanism
Starting from the central item- new items could be
created by a drag and drop method.
Figure
5. Drag and drop for new items
Once fixed the pointer in the circle named as place for
drag and drop- it could be dragged- then- on the working space- in order to
create a new item
The construction could be seen in figure 6, 7 and 8.
.
Figure 6. The pilot knowledge map- 1
Figure
7.The pilot knowledge map-different view-2
Figure
8 Same maps done with other tool
Links to the specific Web pages could be defined like in
figure 9.
Figure
9 Link to specific Web page
Each item could access specific search engines- like in the
figure 10
Figure
10 Access to specific search engines
The link to the draft knowledge map is given here https://www.inforapid.org/userupload1/diagram.php?n=5516ad90611f8465738bfe4168c107b7ee7ffeb7328bd
4. Conclusion
Knowledge maps could be an important asset in a better
safety based on knowledge. As the work with such instruments is relatively
easy- and there are available free- the safety knowledge map could be significant
developments in safety. Portable devices- as tablets and even smartphones-
could be used for visualizing and using such maps.
A special place for knowledge maps would be safety
training. Here knowledge maps could be used in the opening of a safety course-
like an intelligent table of contents- and also for imprinting the course
content for the learners.
Knowledge maps could collect and quantify individual
safety experience- a very good thing considering TAE specific knowledge.